MODEL Question for NMCLE license examination NEpal 2081

MODEL Question for NMCLE license examination NEpal 2081 Part 1

1. Which of the following is the primary causative organism responsible for infective endocarditis in intravenous drug users?

   A) Streptococcus pneumoniae

   B) Staphylococcus aureus

   C) Escherichia coli

   D) Pseudomonas aeruginosa

2. Which of the following is the first-line treatment for uncomplicated malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum?

   A) Chloroquine

   B) Quinine

   C) Artemisinin-based combination therapy

   D) Doxycycline

3. Which of the following is a characteristic feature of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?

   A) Increased forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1)

   B) Decreased residual volume

   C) Reversibility with bronchodilator therapy

   D) Pink puffer phenotype

4. Which of the following conditions is characterized by a positive Babinski reflex?

   A) Guillain-Barré syndrome

   B) Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

   C) Multiple sclerosis

   D) Spinal cord injury

5. Which of the following is the most common type of skin cancer?

   A) Basal cell carcinoma

   B) Squamous cell carcinoma

   C) Melanoma

   D) Kaposi sarcoma

6. Which of the following is a common side effect of angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs)?

   A) Dry cough

   B) Hyperkalemia

   C) Bradycardia

   D) Peripheral edema

7. Which of the following is the most appropriate initial management for a patient with acute pancreatitis?

   A) Total parenteral nutrition

   B) N-acetylcysteine

   C) Bowel rest and intravenous fluids

   D) Oral metoclopramide

8. Which of the following is the primary mechanism of action of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) in the treatment of depression?

   A) Inhibition of monoamine oxidase

   B) Blockade of alpha-adrenergic receptors

   C) Enhancement of serotonin neurotransmission

   D) Inhibition of dopamine reuptake

9. Which of the following is a common side effect of long-term corticosteroid therapy?

   A) Hypotension

   B) Hypokalemia

   C) Osteoporosis

   D) Hyperglycemia

10. Which of the following is the most common cause of acute bacterial meningitis in neonates?

    A) Group B Streptococcus

    B) Escherichia coli

    C) Listeria monocytogenes

    D) Haemophilus influenzae

11. Which of the following is a key feature of sarcoidosis?

    A) Periosteal reaction on X-ray

    B) Noncaseating granulomas on biopsy

    C) Positive antinuclear antibodies (ANA)

    D) Bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy on chest X-ray

12. Which of the following medications is commonly used for the prophylaxis of migraine headaches?

    A) Gabapentin

    B) Amitriptyline

    C) Sumatriptan

    D) Propranolol

13. Which of the following is the most common etiology of acute hepatitis worldwide?

    A) Hepatitis A virus

    B) Hepatitis B virus

    C) Hepatitis C virus

    D) Hepatitis E virus

14. Which of the following is a characteristic feature of Turner syndrome?

    A) Short stature and webbed neck

    B) Tall stature and ovarian dysgenesis

    C) Polydactyly and intellectual disability

    D) Microcephaly and hypertelorism

15. Which of the following is the primary treatment for uncomplicated urinary tract infections in pregnant women?

    A) Ciprofloxacin

    B) Nitrofurantoin

    C) Gentamicin

    D) Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole

16. Which of the following is the most common cause of primary hyperaldosteronism?

    A) Adrenal adenoma

    B) Pituitary adenoma

    C) Renal artery stenosis

    D) Hypothalamic dysfunction

17. Which of the following is a characteristic feature of acute intermittent porphyria?

    A) Photosensitivity and bullous skin lesions

    B) Erythema migrans rash and arthritis

    C) Abdominal pain and neuropsychiatric symptoms

    D) Renal colic and hematuria

18. Which of the following is the primary pharmacological treatment for trigeminal neuralgia?

    A) Carbamazepine

    B) Gabapentin

    C) Amitriptyline

    D) Baclofen

19. Which of the following conditions is characterized by the presence of anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP) antibodies?

    A) Rheumatoid arthritis

    B) Systemic lupus erythematosus

    C) Sjögren's syndrome

    D) Ankylosing spondylitis

20. Which of the following is the primary mechanism of action of loop diuretics?

    A) Inhibition of carbonic anhydrase

    B) Inhibition of sodium-potassium-chloride cotransporter

    C) Inhibition of sodium-glucose cotransporter

    D) Inhibition of sodium reabsorption in the ascending loop of Henle

Answer Key:

1. B) Staphylococcus aureus

2. C) Artemisinin-based combination therapy

3. D) Pink puffer phenotype

4. A) Guillain-Barré syndrome

5. A) Basal cell carcinoma

6. B) Hyperkalemia

7. C) Bowel rest and intravenous fluids

8. C) Enhancement of serotonin neurotransmission

9. C) Osteoporosis

10. A) Group B Streptococcus

11. B) Noncaseating granulomas on biopsy

12. D) Propranolol

13. A) Hepatitis A virus

14. A) Short stature and webbed neck

15. B) Nitrofurantoin

16. A) Adrenal adenoma

17. C) Abdominal pain and neuropsychiatric symptoms

18. A) Carbamazepine

19. A) Rheumatoid arthritis

20. D) Inhibition of sodium reabsorption in the ascending loop of Henle