Nepal Pharmacy Council Model Questions with answer and explanation 2081

Nepal Pharmacy Council Model Questions With answer and explanation

Table of Contents(toc)

General Pharmacy and Pharmacology

1. Which of the following is NOT a part of Good Pharmacy Practice (GPP)?
   a) Patient counseling
   b) Ethical dispensing
   c) Unregulated sale of drugs
   d) Pharmacovigilance

2. Which phase of clinical trials determines the therapeutic efficacy of a drug?
   a) Phase I
   b) Phase II
   c) Phase III
   d) Phase IV

3. The primary site of drug metabolism in the body is:
   a) Kidney
   b) Liver
   c) Lungs
   d) Blood

4. The mechanism of action of beta-lactam antibiotics is:
   a) Inhibition of protein synthesis
   b) Inhibition of DNA replication
   c) Inhibition of cell wall synthesis
   d) Inhibition of folic acid synthesis

5. Which of the following is an example of a prodrug?
   a) Paracetamol
   b) Enalapril
   c) Ibuprofen
   d) Ranitidine

Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Analysis

6. The pH of a buffer solution is determined by:
   a) Henderson-Hasselbalch equation
   b) Nernst equation
   c) Arrhenius equation
   d) Michaelis-Menten equation

7. The functional group present in aspirin is:
   a) Amide
   b) Ester
   c) Ketone
   d) Aldehyde

8. The instrument used to measure the optical activity of a compound is:
   a) Spectrophotometer
   b) Polarimeter
   c) Potentiometer
   d) Colorimeter

9. Which of the following techniques is used for the separation of volatile compounds?
   a) High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)
   b) Gas Chromatography (GC)
   c) Paper Chromatography
   d) Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC)

10. The Beer-Lambert law is used to determine:
    a) Molecular weight
    b) Concentration of a solution
    c) Melting point
    d) Boiling point

Pharmaceutics and Dosage Forms

11. The bioavailability of a drug is highest when administered via:
    a) Oral route
    b) Intravenous route
    c) Intramuscular route
    d) Subcutaneous route

12. Enteric-coated tablets are designed to:
    a) Release the drug rapidly
    b) Protect the drug from stomach acid
    c) Increase drug solubility
    d) Reduce side effects

13. The major advantage of controlled-release drug formulations is:
    a) Reduced drug potency
    b) Increased frequency of administration
    c) Prolonged drug action
    d) Higher chances of drug toxicity

14. The preservative commonly used in ophthalmic preparations is:
    a) Sodium benzoate
    b) Benzalkonium chloride
    c) Sorbic acid
    d) Propyl gallate

15. The main advantage of transdermal drug delivery systems is:
    a) Immediate drug absorption
    b) Avoidance of first-pass metabolism
    c) Increased renal excretion
    d) Increased systemic toxicity

Pharmacognosy and Natural Products

16. Which of the following alkaloids is derived from Cinchona bark?
    a) Morphine
    b) Quinine
    c) Atropine
    d) Ephedrine

17. Sennosides, used as laxatives, are obtained from:
    a) Digitalis
    b) Senna
    c) Belladonna
    d) Cinchona

18. The main active constituent of opium is:
    a) Caffeine
    b) Theobromine
    c) Morphine
    d) Nicotine

19. The main function of flavonoids in plants is:
    a) Protection against UV radiation
    b) Protein synthesis
    c) Cell wall formation
    d) Energy production

20. Glycyrrhizin, a sweetening agent, is obtained from:
    a) Aloe vera
    b) Liquorice
    c) Cinnamon
    d) Clove

Pharmacy Law and Ethics

21. The governing body for pharmacy professionals in Nepal is:
    a) Nepal Medical Council
    b) Nepal Pharmacy Council
    c) Nepal Drug Administration
    d) World Health Organization

22. The Drug Act of Nepal was enacted in:
    a) 1978
    b) 1980
    c) 1972
    d) 1995

23. The maximum penalty for selling counterfeit drugs in Nepal includes:
    a) Fine only
    b) Imprisonment only
    c) Both fine and imprisonment
    d) Suspension of pharmacy license

24. The legal document required for the retail sale of drugs in Nepal is:
    a) Drug Manufacturing License
    b) Drug Import License
    c) Drug Retail License
    d) Drug Registration Certificate

25. Informed consent is essential in:
    a) Marketing authorization
    b) Clinical trials
    c) Drug dispensing
    d) Pharmacovigilance

Hospital and Clinical Pharmacy

26. The term "therapeutic drug monitoring" refers to:
    a) Measuring drug levels in the blood
    b) Observing patient compliance
    c) Studying drug interactions
    d) Reporting adverse effects

27. The safest category of drugs in pregnancy is:
    a) Category A
    b) Category B
    c) Category C
    d) Category X

28. Which of the following drugs is used as an antidote for organophosphate poisoning?
    a) Naloxone
    b) Atropine
    c) Flumazenil
    d) Vitamin K

29. The primary role of a clinical pharmacist in a hospital setting is to:
    a) Dispense medications
    b) Perform surgeries
    c) Provide drug therapy management
    d) Conduct laboratory tests

30. Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) are best monitored through:
    a) Pharmacovigilance programs
    b) Drug marketing surveys
    c) Drug advertisements
    d) Patient self-reports

Answers and explanation

General Pharmacy and Pharmacology

1. c) Unregulated sale of drugs
   Explanation: Good Pharmacy Practice (GPP) ensures the safe, effective, and ethical use of medicines. Unregulated drug sales violate GPP principles.

2. c) Phase III
   Explanation: Phase III clinical trials assess the drug’s therapeutic efficacy on a larger patient population before approval.

3. b) Liver
   Explanation: The liver is the primary site of drug metabolism, mainly through enzymes like cytochrome P450.

4. c) Inhibition of cell wall synthesis
   Explanation: Beta-lactam antibiotics (e.g., penicillins) inhibit bacterial cell wall formation by targeting peptidoglycan synthesis.

5. b) Enalapril
   Explanation: Enalapril is a prodrug that is converted into its active form, enalaprilat, in the body.

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Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Analysis

6. a) Henderson-Hasselbalch equation
   Explanation: This equation helps determine the pH of buffer solutions based on acid/base concentrations.

7. b) Ester
   Explanation: Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) contains an ester functional group responsible for its analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects.

8. b) Polarimeter
   Explanation: A polarimeter measures optical activity, which helps determine the chirality of a compound.

9. b) Gas Chromatography (GC)
   Explanation: GC is used for the separation and analysis of volatile compounds, especially in drug testing.

10. b) Concentration of a solution
    Explanation: The Beer-Lambert law states that absorbance is directly proportional to the concentration of a solution.

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Pharmaceutics and Dosage Forms

11. b) Intravenous route
    Explanation: IV administration provides 100% bioavailability as the drug enters directly into systemic circulation.

12. b) Protect the drug from stomach acid
    Explanation: Enteric-coated tablets prevent drug degradation in stomach acid and ensure release in the intestine.

13. c) Prolonged drug action
    Explanation: Controlled-release formulations release the drug slowly over time, reducing dosing frequency.

14. b) Benzalkonium chloride
    Explanation: This preservative is commonly used in ophthalmic preparations to prevent microbial growth.

15. b) Avoidance of first-pass metabolism
    Explanation: Transdermal patches allow drug absorption through the skin, bypassing liver metabolism.

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Pharmacognosy and Natural Products

16. b) Quinine
    Explanation: Quinine, used for malaria treatment, is extracted from the bark of the Cinchona tree.

17. b) Senna
    Explanation: Sennosides, natural laxatives, are derived from Senna leaves.

18. c) Morphine
    Explanation: Morphine, a potent opioid analgesic, is obtained from opium poppy (Papaver somniferum).

19. a) Protection against UV radiation
    Explanation: Flavonoids in plants act as antioxidants and protect against harmful UV radiation.

20. b) Liquorice
    Explanation: Glycyrrhizin, a natural sweetener and anti-inflammatory agent, is found in liquorice root.

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Pharmacy Law and Ethics

21. b) Nepal Pharmacy Council
    Explanation: The Nepal Pharmacy Council (NPC) regulates pharmacy education and practice in Nepal.

22. c) 1972
    Explanation: The Nepal Drug Act was enacted in 1972 to regulate drug production, distribution, and safety.

23. c) Both fine and imprisonment
    Explanation: Selling counterfeit drugs is a serious offense under Nepal’s Drug Act, leading to fines and/or imprisonment.

24. c) Drug Retail License
    Explanation: A Drug Retail License is mandatory for selling medicines in Nepal.

25. b) Clinical trials
    Explanation: Informed consent ensures that patients voluntarily participate in clinical research with full knowledge of risks and benefits.

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Hospital and Clinical Pharmacy

26. a) Measuring drug levels in the blood
    Explanation: Therapeutic drug monitoring ensures optimal drug dosing by measuring plasma drug levels.

27. a) Category A
    Explanation: Category A drugs are considered safe for use during pregnancy, with no known fetal harm.

28. b) Atropine
    Explanation: Atropine is an antidote for organophosphate poisoning as it blocks excessive acetylcholine effects.

29. c) Provide drug therapy management
    Explanation: Clinical pharmacists optimize medication use, ensuring safety and efficacy in hospitals.

30. a) Pharmacovigilance programs
    Explanation: Pharmacovigilance monitors adverse drug reactions (ADRs) to ensure patient safety.